The Auto Industry of Today Essay Example For Students

The Auto Industry of Today Essay The Auto Industry of TodayThere is no industry more present in the worldwide community than the automobile industry. The automobile has changed the lives, culture, and economy of the people and nations that manufacture and demand them. Ever since the late 1800s when Benz and Daimler in Germany invented the first modern car, the industry has grown into a billion dollar industry affecting so many aspects of our lives. There are more than 400 million passenger cars alone on the roads today. During the early part of the twentieth century, the United States was home to more than 90 percent of the worlds automotive industry, but has shrunk to about 20 percent in todays world (Tardiff 394). This drastic change has occurred by the booming economies in such nations as Japan, Germany, Canada, France, Italy, and other nations. The US auto industry sales totaled $205 billion, or 3.3 percent of the total Gross Domestic Product (Tardiff 394). By the end of 19th century, there were about 500 auto m anufacturers, but that number dropped sharply to 23 by 1917, and today the Big Three dominant the market. Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler make up the Big Three, which account for 21 percent of the worlds motor vehicle production in 1997, with the Japanese industries coming in second, producing 19 percent. Germany produces 11 percent; Spain, France, Italy and South Korea each produce about 5 percent of the international market in 2000. In the US alone, the auto-industry, which includes its 500,000 car-related businesses, creates 12 million jobs (Broughty 290). The automobile is clearly an oligopoly, but each companys control of the market has gradually diminished because of rising foreign competition. We will write a custom essay on The Auto Industry of Today specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The US has three main auto manufacturers; Japan has five major producers, as does Germany. Each of these companies produces differentiated versions of the same product, have control over their products prices, and rely heavily on non-price competition (Womack 154). There are many different types of cars, like: sedans, coupes station wagons, Sport Utility Vehicles (SUVs) and pickup trucks, but by comparing models between two competing companies, you can see how great the similarities are. The auto industry can still thrive even though their products are so similar because the demand for cars is immense and continuous. People rely on cars for so many things that life without one seems impossible, especially in the US which registered 141 million cars in 1988, whereas Japan, the second highest, only registered 30 million (Broughty 96)The creation and production of a new car starts about three to four years before it is released to the public (McBride 102). The initial planning stage beg ins in the companys corporate headquarters with ideas for the car from product planners and company officials. Automotive designers draw prospective sketches of the new car, and once approved, model makers create small-scale models of the car in fiberglass or clay, then forge life size models also in clay or fiberglass. Automotive engineers then develop each part of the car, and mock-up builders create those indigenous parts of the new car. Test drivers check over the entire system, analyzing how it runs, and then gives suggestions on improving the vehicle. Automotive engineers test all the new, specialized parts of the car, and after all the parts are tested, plant engineers plan how to best mass-produce the new car. Of all the people working in the automobile industry, most will be found in this next industry, which is the assembly plant. In the United States, the majority of these assembly plants can be found in the Michigan, Great Lakes area, and on average it takes about ninety minutes on the assembly line for an entire car to be produced (Broughty 105). When planning a new car model, the company tries to create what the consumer wants. This is very difficult because as stated earlier it takes between three and four years to develop a car. When General Motors begins developing a new product, it starts by assembling a new team to coordinate the production. After this team is assembled, millions of dollars are spent on dispensing and analyzing public surveys, private firms own research, government research, and past car sales to determine what the consumer wants. These specifications include physical dimensions, cost, fuel efficiency, comfort, market price, appearance, and performance. GM then would go on to begin producing the car. The most time consuming step when creating a new model is supplying the specialized pieces of the new model. Some of the parts can be carried over from previous models or other cars, but many times the company has to either crea te the new pieces themselves or buy them from a large-scale supplier (Broughty 103). Company then looks for the supplier that will supply the parts the cheapest. After the model car has been created and approved, the plans are made for it to be made on the assembly line. The car is then ready to be sold to the public through private dealerships, which in the US, are not linked with any major automobile manufacturer. GM would then sell its cars to whichever dealership is willing to buy from them. In many Japanese firms, like Toyota, a new system has been created and has been coined lean production (McBride 99). The basic manufacturing ideas are the same, but it emphasizes developing relationships between the company and those it deals with. When Toyota begins developing a new car model, it already has a team assembled, which has worked on previous models. The Toyota team then collects the same information about what the public wants just like the GM team but has a much cheaper way of going about it. Unlike the GM firm, Toyota has formed business ties with car dealerships, and in some cases even owns them. These dealerships use a new set of techniques to sell their cars, called aggressive selling, in which a very permanent, personal, and hopefully life-long relationship is created between the company, the dealer, and the buyer. Since the company keeps ties to its consumers, it already knows what the consumer wants, and the consumer is more willing to buy from the company. Toyota continues developing and producing its car, and it comes across the same problem, as the GM team, of not having all the specialized parts it needs. Like with the dealerships, Toyota has formed many symbiotic relationships with car part suppliers. These suppliers work hand in hand, with the Toyota team and develop any products that Toyota needs for its new model (McBride 100) The past decade has seen many interesting fluctuations within the automobile industry. Overall, the auto industry fluctuates with the normal business cycle, for motor vehicles are an elastic demand to consumers. The more the price for cars goes up, the less people buy cars. For many years, the automobile industry has seen very large profits because the demand and necessity for cars has increased significantly. Recently, large foreign competitors and steadily increasing prices in motor vehicles have reduced these surplus profits within the industry. Consumers are now demanding lower prices and more luxuries in their cars. To deal with this consumer demand, auto manufacturers have begun by lowering employee pay rolls, replacing employees with machines and more capable workers to improve productivity, and many times merge with other companies to better compete in the market. Production growth has been about 2-3 percent for the past few years in the auto industry, and hopefully will continue by implementing new cost efficient procedures (McBride 100). .u0402fe193b9e9616fbe96604b11f15dd , .u0402fe193b9e9616fbe96604b11f15dd .postImageUrl , .u0402fe193b9e9616fbe96604b11f15dd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0402fe193b9e9616fbe96604b11f15dd , .u0402fe193b9e9616fbe96604b11f15dd:hover , .u0402fe193b9e9616fbe96604b11f15dd:visited , .u0402fe193b9e9616fbe96604b11f15dd:active { border:0!important; } .u0402fe193b9e9616fbe96604b11f15dd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0402fe193b9e9616fbe96604b11f15dd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0402fe193b9e9616fbe96604b11f15dd:active , .u0402fe193b9e9616fbe96604b11f15dd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0402fe193b9e9616fbe96604b11f15dd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0402fe193b9e9616fbe96604b11f15dd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0402fe193b9e9616fbe96604b11f15dd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0402fe193b9e9616fbe96604b11f15dd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0402fe193b9e9616fbe96604b11f15dd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0402fe193b9e9616fbe96604b11f15dd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0402fe193b9e9616fbe96604b11f15dd .u0402fe193b9e9616fbe96604b11f15dd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0402fe193b9e9616fbe96604b11f15dd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Prevention Of Environmental Pollution EssayAmerican industries, competing in the international markets, face the problem of a strong dollar compared to the weaker currencies of foreign nations. This means that American cars to foreign nations are more expensive, and foreign cars to Americans are cheaper. This supply and demand problem was solved by the Clinton administration, which opened up many foreign markets previously closed to the US automakers. One of the main markets that the Clinton administration opened up was the Japanese market. This was such a positive victory for the US industries because the Japanese were notorious for charging very little for the cars they sold in foreign countries, making up the difference with extremely high prices for the cars they sold in the closed markets of Japan (Womack 231) North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) also opened up trade to many nations in Latin America, especially Mexico. Overall, between 1992 and 1995 export sales rose 22 percent and the sales to Mexico and Japan each rose 250 percent (Womack234) The auto industry is a major source of jobs in the world. Approximately one of every seven jobs in the US domestic economy is related to the production, sale, operation, or maintenance of motor vehicles (Tardiff 396), which makes abundantly clear the impact the car industry has on society, with GM, Chrysler, and Ford Companies making up three fourths of those jobs. Autoworkers are also among the highest paid workers in any industry and also the most productive (Broughty 44). This great increase in worker productivity, due to advancing technology, also accounts for the huge profit gains the Big Thre e have received in the past few years. Until the late 1960s, the government did not get involved in implementing regulations on the automobile industry. Most of the regulations now placed on car manufacturers have to do with making the car drive safer and be more environmentally sound. Seat belts, airbags, brakes, tires, bumpers, windshield wipers, defrosters, dashboard controls and windows were all the result of government action. Today safety has become extremely important to carmakers because of the high deaths that result from automobile accidents, the government, and most influentially, peoples growing concern for their well-being. Today in United States best selling cars are actually pickup trucks. Americas three best-selling vehicles are pickups, which may be due to the fact that American automakers best understand their countrys love of size and cargo utility. Pick up trucks had dominated sales in U.S. auto market for past decade. According to Forbes the number one selling v ehicle in U.S. is Ford F-series pickup with sales of 433,000 in first half of 2004. Chevrolet Silverado is second with 323,000 sold and Dodge sold 223,600 Rams. Toyota Camry is in fourth place as a best selling passenger car, closely followed by Honda Accord. Market share for domestic automakers is constantly dropping since early 1980s when foreign automakers, especially Japanese, started targeting U.S. auto market with cheaper and more dependable cars. This year through August, Big Three: General Motors, Ford Motor and Chrysler Group, which have been losing U.S. market share heavily for the past 10 years, had a combined 58.8% share, down from 60.2% at the end of last year. Market share for Asian automakers climbed to 34.6% through August, up from 32.6% at the end of 2003. Market share is an important gauge of a companys strength, particularly its ability to withstand industry downturns. And supporting a companys infrastructure employees, factories and suppliers is dependent on a healthy market share and a predictable sales volume. GMs market share was 27.2% for the January through August period, down from 27.7% a year ago. Fords share fell to 18.4% from 19.4%. Chrysler Group recovered a bit from last year loses, to 13.2% from 13%. .u65e03e20598afada26bd39ec8880527b , .u65e03e20598afada26bd39ec8880527b .postImageUrl , .u65e03e20598afada26bd39ec8880527b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u65e03e20598afada26bd39ec8880527b , .u65e03e20598afada26bd39ec8880527b:hover , .u65e03e20598afada26bd39ec8880527b:visited , .u65e03e20598afada26bd39ec8880527b:active { border:0!important; } .u65e03e20598afada26bd39ec8880527b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u65e03e20598afada26bd39ec8880527b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u65e03e20598afada26bd39ec8880527b:active , .u65e03e20598afada26bd39ec8880527b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u65e03e20598afada26bd39ec8880527b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u65e03e20598afada26bd39ec8880527b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u65e03e20598afada26bd39ec8880527b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u65e03e20598afada26bd39ec8880527b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u65e03e20598afada26bd39ec8880527b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u65e03e20598afada26bd39ec8880527b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u65e03e20598afada26bd39ec8880527b .u65e03e20598afada26bd39ec8880527b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u65e03e20598afada26bd39ec8880527b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Necklace Compared To The Star EssayThe drop in market share comes as foreign automakers have invaded on truck segments Detroit has dominated: pickups, sport-utility vehicles and minivans. Asian and European automakers began adding truck models in the late 1980s and early 90s. As their lineups have grown, Detroits market share has dropped steadily from the 70% range in 1995. One of the reasons why foreign automakers, especially Honda and Toyota, are being so successful is because are constantly placing greater emphasis on quality vs. cost when selecting suppliers than do the domestic automakers. They continue to emphasize the importance of quality throughout their relationship with suppliers. The domestic companies always have placed greater emphasis on lower cost when selecting suppliers, while showing considerable variation in how they balance cost with quality. Domestic giant automakers have lot more worries than losing market shares from foreign automakers. For the past few years Big Three giants barely made any profits even thought their revenues were close to 200 billons of dollars. Ford and Chrysler are hardly making any money and in some segments, such as compact cars they are loosing money. Basically only segment that operates successfully at this time is a division of pickup trucks and some Sport Utility Vehicles (SUVs). According to Fortune, this table shows revenues and profits of major automobile manufacture companies. Fortunes Global 500 listRankCompanyRevenues ($ millions)Profits($ millions)5General Motors 195,324.03,822.06Ford Motor 164,505.0495.07Daimler Chrysler 156,602.2507.08Toyota Motor 153,111.010,288.125Honda Motor 72,263.74,110.832Nissan Motor 65,771.14,459.098Hyundai Motor 39,100.81,490.1* The 2004 Global 500 list; courtesy of Fortune (from the July 26, 2004 Issue)Works CitedBroughty, James. Careers in Transport. Chica go: The Institute for Research, 1999Farr, Max. Automobile Industry. Hoovers Online. Online. Internet. November 2001Fortune. The Global 500 List. Jul 26, 2004 Issue. Nov 27, 2004. http://www.fortune.com/fortune/global500/subs/fulllist/0,20828,,00.htmlLienart, Dan. The Best-Selling Cars. Forbes. 2004. Nov 28, 2004. http://www.forbes.com/lifestyle/2004/08/02/cx_dl_0802feat.htmlMcBride, Gordon. Automobile Manufacturing. Career Information Center. 2 vols. New York: MacMillan Library Reference USA, 1996 Tardiff, Joseph, ed. Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Equipment. US Industry Profiles. New York: Gale Research, 1998 Womack, James P., Jones, Daniel T., and Roos, Daniel. The Machine that Changed the World. New York: MacMillan Publishing Company, 1990

Love & basketball (compare&contrast essay) essays

Love & basketball (compare&contrast essay) essays As one can infer from the title, the movie Love s review and James Berardinellis review not only commend the movie but they also point out a few aspects of the movie that could have been better. There are two areas of the movie that Caros and Berardinellis review compare and an area both reviews contrast. Both say that the story shifts slightly towards the female perspective more than the male. Both also commend the writer/director of the movie (Gina Prince-Bythewood) for the technique she uses. They write that the technique helped balance out the time periods of the characters life, making the movie more interesting and comprehensible. However, they disagree on the characters. Mark said all the characters especially the leading characters were well chosen, while James felt one of the leading characters is not. After all, the reviewers gave Love This movie entitled Love d rather shoot baskets. When Monica was about twelve years old, her family moves into a new house in Baldwin Hills, Los Angelos. There, she introduces herself to her basketball-playing neighbor, Quincy McCall, (Glenndon Chatman). Quincy is a gorgeous person who dreams of becoming a NBA (National Basketball Association) star like is father. The first time Monica and Quincy met, they play a pickup game but when little Monica tries to...

Are People Better Informed in the Information Society Essay

Are People Better Informed in the Information Society - Essay Example The deliberate and non-deliberate participation in the interpretation and spread of information is one attribute that makes our society an informed society. People have not just the liberty to access all types of information, but also to spread it once acquired. Being in an information society, therefore, gives one an opportunity to access information. According to Nardi et al. (1999), the quest for information, which is tightly associated with human curiosity, is the basis and foundation of informational security. When a piece of information is concealed, it raises interest, and the search for it intensifies. This is in comparison to open information that often appears unworthy and less enticing. In an era when the society has all the tools necessary to access valuable and interesting information, people get more informed. Regarding this issue, I would also assume the position taken by Linda Jackson. The accessibility to sources of information has improved not only the peoples confident in sharing information but also increases the learners’ ability to synthesize and interpret information. For instance, a classroom setting may not have all the necessary material and illustrations to drive home a point in for all the students. However, when much more of the illustrations are available on the Internet, the informational gap is bridged. It is agreeable that with increased rational use of the internet, people become relatively better informed. In addition, the more the people get informed, the more they enrich themselves as sources of information to others. A real example, in this case, is a teacher who reads widely on his topic before sharing with the students. The teacher has access to the information from the wider network, enrich their ‘stores’ of information and become a source for the students. One significant attributed benefit of technology is increasing the access to information.  

Professionalism in Environmental Public Health Essay - 1

Professionalism in Environmental Public Health - Essay Example environment, governing authorities and other civil organizations are spearheading projects aimed at mitigating the effects of environmental pollution. Individuals involved in implementation of these mitigating measures are called environmental public health workers. Like any other career field, environmental health workers are expected to perform their duties in a professional manner. This essay evaluates on the aspect of professionalism in environmental public health. Concepts appraised in professionalism include competency, education and ethics. The essay extrapolates on how each of the concepts mentioned contributes towards professionalism in environmental public health. In contemporary workplace settings, professionalism remains an inherent requirement of all employees. Typical workplace settings like healthcare institutions require all workers to follow simple guidelines while executing their respective duties. These simple guidelines aim at enhancing achievement of an institution’s mission and vision objectives. From a theoretical perspective, professionalism involves application or adoption of character patterns within a work place in order to direct one’s effort towards achieving high-quality productivity (Nagel, 2011). In the context of environmental public health, workers within this field deals with ensuring safety of the public. This means that members of the public trust employees of environmental public health to safeguard their lives in relation to environmental aspects. In most cases, the manner in which these workers relate with people in their work determines the public’s attitudes towards all environmental health workers. This means that health workers should maintain a sustainable and professional demeanor while dealing with members of the public. Therefore, professionalism is a paramount quality of individuals within the public health sector (Nagel, 2011). Continued education is instrumental in enhancing professionalism of workers

Increasing Time Efficiency of Insertion Sort

Increasing Time Efficiency of Insertion Sort Increasing Time Efficiency of Insertion Sort for the Worst Case Scenario Surabhi Patel, Moirangthem Dennis Singh Abstract. Insertion sort gives us a time complexity of O(n) for the best case. In the worst case where the input is in the descending order fashion, the time complexity is O(n2). In the case of arrays, shifting is taking O(n2) while in the case of linked lists, comparison is coming to O(n2). Here a new way of sorting for the worst case problem is proposed. We will use arrays as data structures and take more space. We will take 2n spaces where n is the number of elements and start the insertion from (n-1)th location of the array. In this proposed technique the time complexity is O(nlogn) as compared to O(n2) in the worst case. Keywords. Insertion Sort, Time Complexity, Space Complexity Introduction Insertion sort is a simple sorting algorithm[1], a comparison sort in which the sorted array (or list) is built one entry at a time. It is much less efficient on large lists than more advanced algorithms such as quicksort, heapsort, or merge sort. Every repetition of insertion sort removes an element from the input data, inserting it into the correct position in the already-sorted list, until no input elements remain. The best case input is an array that is already sorted. In this case insertion sort has a linear running time which is O(n). During each iteration, the first remaining element of the input is only compared with the right-most element of the sorted subsection of the array. The worst case input is an array sorted in reverse order. In this case, every iteration of the inner loop will scan and shift the entire sorted subsection of the array before inserting the next element. For this case insertion sort has a quadratic running time which is O(n2). The average case also has a quadratic running time of O(n2). Literature Survey In an insertion sort algorithm, there are always two constraints in time complexity. One is shifting the elements and the other one is comparison of the elements. The time complexity is also dependent on the data structure which is used while sorting. If we use array as data structure then shifting takes O(n2) in the worst case. While using link list data structure, searching takes more time, viz. O(n2). We will take the following examples: Sort 50, 40, 30, 20, 10 using arrays. Shifting = 0, Comparison = 0 Shifting = 1, Comparison = log1 Shifting = 2, Comparison = log2 Shifting = 3, Comparison = log3 Shifting = 4, Comparison = log4 Time Complexity in Shifting: O(n2) Time Complexity in Comparison: O(nlogn) Total time complexity: O(n2) Here as the array is sorted, we can use binary search for comparison which will lead to a time complexity of O(nlogn) but Shifting takes O(n2). Therefore the total time complexity becomes O(n2) To solve this problem, link list can be used as illustrated in the following example. Sort 50, 40, 30, 20, 10 using link list. In a link list shifting takes O(1) as new elements can be inserted at their right positions without shifting. Comparison = 0 Comparison = 1 Comparison = 2 Comparison = 3 Comparison = 4 Time Complexity in Shifting: O(1) Time Complexity in Comparison: O(n2) Total time Complexity: O(n2) Here as we cannot use binary search for comparison which will lead to a time complexity O(n2) even though shifting takes a constant amount of time. As we have observed in the examples illustrated above, in both the cases the Time complexity is not getting reduced. Hence we are proposing an improvised insertion sort taking additional space to sort the elements. As space complexity is less important than time complexity[2][3], we have concentrated more over the time taken instead of space. Proposed Work In the insertion sort technique proposed here, we will take 2n spaces in an array data structure, where n is the total number of elements. The insertion of elements will start from n-1th position of the array. The same procedure of a standard insertion sort is followed in this technique. Finding the suitable positions of the elements to be inserted will be done using binary search. In the following cases we will discuss the details of our work. Case 1 For the best case scenario in a standard Insertion Sort is the input elements in ascending order using proposed technique. e.g. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 Shifting =0 , Comparison = 0 Shifting =0 , Comparison = 1 Shifting =0 , Comparison = 1 Shifting =0 , Comparison = 1 Shifting =0 , Comparison = 1 Total Shifting =0, Total Comparison = n-1 Therefore time complexity is O(1)+O(n) = O(n) Case 2: For the worst case scenario in a standard Insertion Sort is the input elements in descending order using proposed technique. e.g. 50, 40, 30, 20, 10 Shifting =0 , Comparison = 0 Shifting =1 , Comparison = log1 Shifting =1 , Comparison = log2 Shifting =1 , Comparison = log3 Shifting =1 , Comparison = log4 Total Shifting =n-1, Total Comparison =log( 1*2*3*4) =log((n-1)!) =log((n-1) (n-1)) =(n-1)log(n-1) =nlog(n-1) log(n-1) Therefore time complexity is O(n)+O(nlogn) = O(nlogn) Case 3: For the average case scenario in a standard Insertion Sort, the input elements are in random order. We are following the same procedure but comparison is done via binary search algorithm. Hence it takes O(nlogn) for comparison. For shifting the elements, the time taken tends to O(n2) but is not equal to O(n2). As we have more spaces, there are possibilities that the shifting of some elements may be reduced because elements may be inserted both at the end as well as in the beginning. Results Now we compare the time complexities of proposed sorting technique and the standard Insertion sort. Conclusion We are decreasing the time complexity of worst case scenario in Insertion sort algorithm by increasing the space complexity. Our future scope of work includes decreasing time complexity of the average case which is O(n2) currently. There are promising results shown in the average case scenario where the time complexity may be reduce from O(n2), if the probability of the input elements is a combination of increasing and decreasing order. Acknowledgement We would like to thank Prof Anirban Roy, Department of Basic Sciences Christ University Faculty of Engineering for helpful discussions and support. REFERENCES Insertion Sort,http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Insertion_sort.html Michael A. Bender, â€Å"Insertion Sort is O(nlogn),† Third International Conference on Fun With Algorithms(FUN), Pages 16-23, 2004 H. W. Thimbleby, â€Å"Using Sentinels in Insert Sort,† Software Practice and Experience, Volume 19(3), Pages 303–307, 1989.

Leadership Essay -- Leader Leadership

Leadership There are at least two things you can say about leadership without sounding stupid or exaggerating, 1) Leaders are important, and secondly 2) There is always a leadership crisis of one kind or another, at any given time; e.g. shortage or incompetence, evil, crooked, inadequate, you name it. As simplistic as these statements may sound, they are paramount to any study or discussion of leadership and its effectiveness. In this paper, I would like to elaborate upon some qualities of a good leader, the relationship between leaders and the followers, the difference between a leader and a manager, between leadership and authority, and finally touch upon the possible evils and misuse of power and leadership positions. We have all heard that leaders are born and not made. I do not agree with this statement in the least. While some leadership qualities are innate to all people, the most notable leaders are churned out after years of experience and practice of certain skill-sets. Effective leaders are rare. They are created through the trials and tribulations of managing or working with people in a variety of settings. Most good leaders have had their fair share of hard knocks that awakened them to the greater potential within their scope of influence. Effective leaders are excellent communicators, able to speak the many languages of the individuals within the groups they lead. A good leader pays attention to the facts and then makes decisions based on objective analysis of those facts. Effective leaders naturally motive people from their actions, which include showing respect, listening, reflecting, and negotiating through conflict. Leaders encourage and empower people to achieve success rather than place blame. Leaders ... ...isuse power because those with power feel morally superior. There is one school of thought that believes that power corrupts slowly and gradually, while some others believe that those who misuse their position, do so in bold strikes. Leaders inherently have power and influence over their followers. There have been instances in history where leaders are granted god-like status, with absolute right to making judgments. This is true even in some cases in today's world vis-Ã  -vis national and religious leaders of major faiths. Leaders can also take advantage of the general reluctance to take on responsibility and accountability. By being willing to take on those burdens, a charismatic leader can amass a range of powers, including those that are in conflict, such as the power both to propose and approve acquisitions or to execute and account for securities transactions.

“a&P” and “Barn Burning”: a Compare and Contrast Essay”

Sammy from John Updike’s â€Å"A&P† and Sarty from William Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† are two great examples of young people raising their standards and doing what they believe is right. In â€Å"A&P†, Sammy is nineteen years old and works at a local grocery store named the A&P. His life changes the day he quits his job after defending three girls that are â€Å"called out† by Lengel, the manager, for breaking the unwritten dress code. In â€Å"Barn Burning†, Sarty is a ten year old boy who struggles between the fine line of right and wrong when his father, Abner Snopes, is put on trial for burning down a barn. When his father attempts to burn down another barn, Sarty takes charge and warns the owner. â€Å"A&P† and â€Å"Barn Burning† are short story classics that have many similarities as well as differences. While both Sammy and Sarty are dissatisfied with their figures of authority, the time periods in which they live are extremely different. A very noticeable similarity is the fact that both young men are dissatisfied with their authority figures. In the beginning of the stories, one will see that Sammy and Sarty are not like their main influences. Each young man has a mature understanding of their unfortunate lives and how they must break the mold to better themselves. Stokesie, Sammy’s friend and co-worker, is twenty two years old and married with two kids. His biggest dream is to become a manager of the A&P someday. Sammy describes Stokesie’s life as a perfect example of his future if he continues working at the A&P. To him the A&P is a dead end job; but in the eyes of his Lengel and his family it is an acceptable future. Lengel is the manager of A&P as well as the town’s preacher. He plays an important role as Sammy’s authority figure. When Sammy quits, Lengel tries to persuade him to stay and makes it very clear that leaving the A&P will be a huge mistake. This is an excellent reflection of Sammy’s authority figure and the close minded ways he must escape. Sarty’s major authority figure in â€Å"Barn Burning† is his father. Abner is a poor sharecropper who is bitter towards wealthy plantation owners and has a tendency to destroy their property. Sarty never justifies his father’s actions and is aware that if he allows things to remain the same, he will become a product of his environment. This is his motive for warning Abner’s next barn burning victim and his chance to move on with his life. The time periods and locations in which â€Å"A&P† and â€Å"Barn Burning† take place are very different. Sammy lives in a more favorable time in the United States than Sarty. â€Å"A&P† is set in a small town north of Boston, Massachusetts around 1960. At this time, the United States was the main military manufacturer and financial power in the capitalist world. The â€Å"Hippie Movement† just started and shocked many traditional families with a new way of living. Sarty lives in Mississippi about twenty years after the Civil War. Life was tough for Mississippians post Civil War. The Southern states were in debt and devastation from the war was everywhere. Although America was transforming into a more modern country in both stories, the time periods in which they live are completely opposite. Sammy and Sarty are two protagonists that have to mature beyond normal circumstances and experience the â€Å"real world† at tender ages. Each character is forced to grow up and refine themselves in their darkest hour. Sammy and Sarty are both dissatisfied with their authority figures; however, the time periods in which they live take place in different eras.