Increasing Time Efficiency of Insertion Sort

Increasing Time Efficiency of Insertion Sort Increasing Time Efficiency of Insertion Sort for the Worst Case Scenario Surabhi Patel, Moirangthem Dennis Singh Abstract. Insertion sort gives us a time complexity of O(n) for the best case. In the worst case where the input is in the descending order fashion, the time complexity is O(n2). In the case of arrays, shifting is taking O(n2) while in the case of linked lists, comparison is coming to O(n2). Here a new way of sorting for the worst case problem is proposed. We will use arrays as data structures and take more space. We will take 2n spaces where n is the number of elements and start the insertion from (n-1)th location of the array. In this proposed technique the time complexity is O(nlogn) as compared to O(n2) in the worst case. Keywords. Insertion Sort, Time Complexity, Space Complexity Introduction Insertion sort is a simple sorting algorithm[1], a comparison sort in which the sorted array (or list) is built one entry at a time. It is much less efficient on large lists than more advanced algorithms such as quicksort, heapsort, or merge sort. Every repetition of insertion sort removes an element from the input data, inserting it into the correct position in the already-sorted list, until no input elements remain. The best case input is an array that is already sorted. In this case insertion sort has a linear running time which is O(n). During each iteration, the first remaining element of the input is only compared with the right-most element of the sorted subsection of the array. The worst case input is an array sorted in reverse order. In this case, every iteration of the inner loop will scan and shift the entire sorted subsection of the array before inserting the next element. For this case insertion sort has a quadratic running time which is O(n2). The average case also has a quadratic running time of O(n2). Literature Survey In an insertion sort algorithm, there are always two constraints in time complexity. One is shifting the elements and the other one is comparison of the elements. The time complexity is also dependent on the data structure which is used while sorting. If we use array as data structure then shifting takes O(n2) in the worst case. While using link list data structure, searching takes more time, viz. O(n2). We will take the following examples: Sort 50, 40, 30, 20, 10 using arrays. Shifting = 0, Comparison = 0 Shifting = 1, Comparison = log1 Shifting = 2, Comparison = log2 Shifting = 3, Comparison = log3 Shifting = 4, Comparison = log4 Time Complexity in Shifting: O(n2) Time Complexity in Comparison: O(nlogn) Total time complexity: O(n2) Here as the array is sorted, we can use binary search for comparison which will lead to a time complexity of O(nlogn) but Shifting takes O(n2). Therefore the total time complexity becomes O(n2) To solve this problem, link list can be used as illustrated in the following example. Sort 50, 40, 30, 20, 10 using link list. In a link list shifting takes O(1) as new elements can be inserted at their right positions without shifting. Comparison = 0 Comparison = 1 Comparison = 2 Comparison = 3 Comparison = 4 Time Complexity in Shifting: O(1) Time Complexity in Comparison: O(n2) Total time Complexity: O(n2) Here as we cannot use binary search for comparison which will lead to a time complexity O(n2) even though shifting takes a constant amount of time. As we have observed in the examples illustrated above, in both the cases the Time complexity is not getting reduced. Hence we are proposing an improvised insertion sort taking additional space to sort the elements. As space complexity is less important than time complexity[2][3], we have concentrated more over the time taken instead of space. Proposed Work In the insertion sort technique proposed here, we will take 2n spaces in an array data structure, where n is the total number of elements. The insertion of elements will start from n-1th position of the array. The same procedure of a standard insertion sort is followed in this technique. Finding the suitable positions of the elements to be inserted will be done using binary search. In the following cases we will discuss the details of our work. Case 1 For the best case scenario in a standard Insertion Sort is the input elements in ascending order using proposed technique. e.g. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 Shifting =0 , Comparison = 0 Shifting =0 , Comparison = 1 Shifting =0 , Comparison = 1 Shifting =0 , Comparison = 1 Shifting =0 , Comparison = 1 Total Shifting =0, Total Comparison = n-1 Therefore time complexity is O(1)+O(n) = O(n) Case 2: For the worst case scenario in a standard Insertion Sort is the input elements in descending order using proposed technique. e.g. 50, 40, 30, 20, 10 Shifting =0 , Comparison = 0 Shifting =1 , Comparison = log1 Shifting =1 , Comparison = log2 Shifting =1 , Comparison = log3 Shifting =1 , Comparison = log4 Total Shifting =n-1, Total Comparison =log( 1*2*3*4) =log((n-1)!) =log((n-1) (n-1)) =(n-1)log(n-1) =nlog(n-1) log(n-1) Therefore time complexity is O(n)+O(nlogn) = O(nlogn) Case 3: For the average case scenario in a standard Insertion Sort, the input elements are in random order. We are following the same procedure but comparison is done via binary search algorithm. Hence it takes O(nlogn) for comparison. For shifting the elements, the time taken tends to O(n2) but is not equal to O(n2). As we have more spaces, there are possibilities that the shifting of some elements may be reduced because elements may be inserted both at the end as well as in the beginning. Results Now we compare the time complexities of proposed sorting technique and the standard Insertion sort. Conclusion We are decreasing the time complexity of worst case scenario in Insertion sort algorithm by increasing the space complexity. Our future scope of work includes decreasing time complexity of the average case which is O(n2) currently. There are promising results shown in the average case scenario where the time complexity may be reduce from O(n2), if the probability of the input elements is a combination of increasing and decreasing order. Acknowledgement We would like to thank Prof Anirban Roy, Department of Basic Sciences Christ University Faculty of Engineering for helpful discussions and support. REFERENCES Insertion Sort,http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Insertion_sort.html Michael A. Bender, â€Å"Insertion Sort is O(nlogn),† Third International Conference on Fun With Algorithms(FUN), Pages 16-23, 2004 H. W. Thimbleby, â€Å"Using Sentinels in Insert Sort,† Software Practice and Experience, Volume 19(3), Pages 303–307, 1989.

Leadership Essay -- Leader Leadership

Leadership There are at least two things you can say about leadership without sounding stupid or exaggerating, 1) Leaders are important, and secondly 2) There is always a leadership crisis of one kind or another, at any given time; e.g. shortage or incompetence, evil, crooked, inadequate, you name it. As simplistic as these statements may sound, they are paramount to any study or discussion of leadership and its effectiveness. In this paper, I would like to elaborate upon some qualities of a good leader, the relationship between leaders and the followers, the difference between a leader and a manager, between leadership and authority, and finally touch upon the possible evils and misuse of power and leadership positions. We have all heard that leaders are born and not made. I do not agree with this statement in the least. While some leadership qualities are innate to all people, the most notable leaders are churned out after years of experience and practice of certain skill-sets. Effective leaders are rare. They are created through the trials and tribulations of managing or working with people in a variety of settings. Most good leaders have had their fair share of hard knocks that awakened them to the greater potential within their scope of influence. Effective leaders are excellent communicators, able to speak the many languages of the individuals within the groups they lead. A good leader pays attention to the facts and then makes decisions based on objective analysis of those facts. Effective leaders naturally motive people from their actions, which include showing respect, listening, reflecting, and negotiating through conflict. Leaders encourage and empower people to achieve success rather than place blame. Leaders ... ...isuse power because those with power feel morally superior. There is one school of thought that believes that power corrupts slowly and gradually, while some others believe that those who misuse their position, do so in bold strikes. Leaders inherently have power and influence over their followers. There have been instances in history where leaders are granted god-like status, with absolute right to making judgments. This is true even in some cases in today's world vis-Ã  -vis national and religious leaders of major faiths. Leaders can also take advantage of the general reluctance to take on responsibility and accountability. By being willing to take on those burdens, a charismatic leader can amass a range of powers, including those that are in conflict, such as the power both to propose and approve acquisitions or to execute and account for securities transactions.

“a&P” and “Barn Burning”: a Compare and Contrast Essay”

Sammy from John Updike’s â€Å"A&P† and Sarty from William Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† are two great examples of young people raising their standards and doing what they believe is right. In â€Å"A&P†, Sammy is nineteen years old and works at a local grocery store named the A&P. His life changes the day he quits his job after defending three girls that are â€Å"called out† by Lengel, the manager, for breaking the unwritten dress code. In â€Å"Barn Burning†, Sarty is a ten year old boy who struggles between the fine line of right and wrong when his father, Abner Snopes, is put on trial for burning down a barn. When his father attempts to burn down another barn, Sarty takes charge and warns the owner. â€Å"A&P† and â€Å"Barn Burning† are short story classics that have many similarities as well as differences. While both Sammy and Sarty are dissatisfied with their figures of authority, the time periods in which they live are extremely different. A very noticeable similarity is the fact that both young men are dissatisfied with their authority figures. In the beginning of the stories, one will see that Sammy and Sarty are not like their main influences. Each young man has a mature understanding of their unfortunate lives and how they must break the mold to better themselves. Stokesie, Sammy’s friend and co-worker, is twenty two years old and married with two kids. His biggest dream is to become a manager of the A&P someday. Sammy describes Stokesie’s life as a perfect example of his future if he continues working at the A&P. To him the A&P is a dead end job; but in the eyes of his Lengel and his family it is an acceptable future. Lengel is the manager of A&P as well as the town’s preacher. He plays an important role as Sammy’s authority figure. When Sammy quits, Lengel tries to persuade him to stay and makes it very clear that leaving the A&P will be a huge mistake. This is an excellent reflection of Sammy’s authority figure and the close minded ways he must escape. Sarty’s major authority figure in â€Å"Barn Burning† is his father. Abner is a poor sharecropper who is bitter towards wealthy plantation owners and has a tendency to destroy their property. Sarty never justifies his father’s actions and is aware that if he allows things to remain the same, he will become a product of his environment. This is his motive for warning Abner’s next barn burning victim and his chance to move on with his life. The time periods and locations in which â€Å"A&P† and â€Å"Barn Burning† take place are very different. Sammy lives in a more favorable time in the United States than Sarty. â€Å"A&P† is set in a small town north of Boston, Massachusetts around 1960. At this time, the United States was the main military manufacturer and financial power in the capitalist world. The â€Å"Hippie Movement† just started and shocked many traditional families with a new way of living. Sarty lives in Mississippi about twenty years after the Civil War. Life was tough for Mississippians post Civil War. The Southern states were in debt and devastation from the war was everywhere. Although America was transforming into a more modern country in both stories, the time periods in which they live are completely opposite. Sammy and Sarty are two protagonists that have to mature beyond normal circumstances and experience the â€Å"real world† at tender ages. Each character is forced to grow up and refine themselves in their darkest hour. Sammy and Sarty are both dissatisfied with their authority figures; however, the time periods in which they live take place in different eras.

Why Is North at the Top of the Map

Most modern-day maps typically show an orientation with north at the top of the two-dimentional depiction. In other eras, different directions at the top were more prevalent, and all directions have been used by different societies and cultures to depict our world. The biggest factors that contribute to north being commonly placed at the top of a map include the invention of the compass and the understanding of magnetic north and the egocentricity of society, mainly in Europe. The Compass Magnetic North The discovery and use of the compass in Europe in the 1200-1500s may have greatly influenced many modern-day maps with north at the top. A compass points to magnetic north, and Europeans, like other cultures long before, noticed that the earth spins on an axis that is relatively pointed at the north star. That idea combined with the concept that when we look up we see the stars, contributed to north being placed up at the top of maps, with words and symbols being placed relative to that viewpoint. Egocentricity in Societies Egocentricity is having a view or perspective that revolves around you or your situation at the center. Thus, in cartography and geography, an egocentric society is one that places itself in either the center of a depiction of the world, or at the top. Information at the top of a map is commonly viewed as being both more visible and more significant. Since Europe was a powerhouse in the world, producing both heavy exploration and the printing press – it was instinctual for European mapmakers to put Europe (and the Northern Hemisphere) as the focus at the top of maps. Today Europe and North America remain dominant cultural and economic forces, producing and influencing many maps – showing the Northern Hemisphere at the top of the map. Different Orientations Most early maps, before the wide-spread use of the compass, placed east at the top. This is generally thought to be due to the fact that the sun rises in the east. It was the most consistent directional maker. Many cartographers show what they want to be the focus at the top of the map, and therefore, influence the orientation of the map. Many early Arab and Egyptian cartographers placed south at the top of the map because, having most of the world they knew of to the north of them, it drew the most attention to their area. Many early settlers of North America created maps with a west-east orientation that resulted from the direction that they primarily traveled and explored. Their own viewpoint greatly altered the orientation of their maps. In the history of mapmaking, the general rule of thumb is whoever made the map is probably at the center or the top of it. This rings mostly true for centuries of mapmaking, but has been greatly influenced as well with European cartographers’ discovery of compasses and the magnetic north.

My Reflection On My Job - 1500 Words

It being a Saturday morning and I, having nothing to do, figure the most productive use of my time is to do my weekly blog post that has unfortunately turned into a sort of bi-weekly blog post. I just completed my first week as a camp counselor and I m loving it, but boy does my job give me sympathy for anyone who has to work with children; I didn t realize just how hard it is. Despite its difficulties, my job has caused me to realize how crucial some sort of challenge is in order to lead a fulfilling life. Oddly enough, my downcast mood faded when I commenced working. On the book front, things are also improving. I completed August Wilson s Gem of the Ocean in about a day and in doing so, I felt at least a little like myself again.†¦show more content†¦Stevens has it all: funny poems, serious poems, spiritual poems; how can you expect a girl to just choose one? A brief respite was needed to determine which poem to talk about and I ve come to the conclusion that Restatement of Romance is the one that will be most manageable to tackle-- in truth Sailing after Lunch is the poem that I find myself most drawn to but alas ita too long. I figure there s no place like the title to start my analysis. What s in a name anyhow? I think as titles go, Stevens is generally a pro. This poem, in particular, is strange in the way the actual body of the poem relates to the title. I was reading this criticism and the author argues that the title is unusual given the actual text of the poem. He even goes as far as saying Steven s poem lacks any of the passion, sensuality, sentimentality, or effusiveness characteristic of so much conventional romantic poetry. I don t know if I agree. I read that line. Then I read the poem again. Then I went back to the criticism. For me, there s always this sort of back and forth (if I m reading thoroughly and actively). I find the process necessary to determine what I think; after all, critics aren t right just because they re critics. In the case of Restatement of Romance, I initially sided withShow MoreRelatedPolice Officer984 Words   |  4 PagesMY DREAM JOB _________________________________ By:___________________ Section:________ DREAM JOB Name:_____________________________________ Section:_______________ Your Dream Job Assignment will be a 4-part project†¦ ââ€" ª My Ideal Job Profile (15 points) ââ€" ª Written Reflection (40 points) ââ€" ª Career Project (20 points) ââ€" ª Business Card (15 points) Written Reflection 40 points The written reflection is a 5 paragraph essay (each paragraphRead MoreReflection Paper : Reflections And My Mental State Of A Man Who Has Not Gone Through My Life1468 Words   |  6 PagesReflections 8/6 From what I read, I am supposedly going to become a better person by following the guide of a man who has not gone through my life and has not borne witness to my suffering. I know that considering my background and my mental state that reading this book will only make me angry for it seems to be a mockery of myself, a teen. I am nothing like a ‘teen’ I have matured much faster than I should have and have never been in trouble or done anything that requires me to ‘straighten up.’Read MoreSocial Care Reflection Paper1406 Words   |  6 Pageshave worked at the same job for 4 years and only until about a year ago I built up the courage to ask for a raise that I was rightfully allowed to obtain years ago. This relates to dependencies and the unequal power struggle within men and women, and that women are encouraged to be passive instead of rebelling (Dean, 2012, p.9). In regards to care-giving, as I mentioned before I have a 7 year old sister. The cost of daycare and after school programs is quite expensive, and my family relies on theRead MoreLife Of Our Time As A Student1747 Words   |  7 Pagesassignment I have chosen to go back and reflect on my reflections. My goal is to better understand the journey that I have gone through as a first-semester Writing Consultant, to highlight the anticipated challenges and the unsolicited worrying that I had at the beginning of the year, and to celebrate the progress that I’ve made along the way. I will draw upon my reflections, using specific quotes, as well as some of the course material, to understand where my ‘ah-ha’ moments occured and where they stillRead MoreThe Role Of A Superintendent Within A School District963 Words   |  4 Pagessuperintendent within a school district. I found that the reflections as part of the weekly journal to of particular interest and benefit as I examined he â€Å"Guiding Questions† for this final synthesis essay. Interestingly, my colleagues in this course found these reflections not to be beneficial. During one of our class meetings it was noted that these were not a beneficial exercise and that reflection was not needed. To that, I would counter that reflection s always needed but it is often the easiest itemRead MoreReflection Of A Reflective Leadership Retreats1084 Words   |  5 Pagesother about things that are important†¦individually and collectively† (p. 22) Reflection on Retreat Experience Accustomed to a world inundated with technology, constant motion, and noise, spending a sustained period of time in nature initially produced feelings of isolation and withdrawal. The feelings of detachment from smartphones and social media were palpable. Eventually, I began acclimating to the serenity of my surroundings. The chirping of the birds, blowing of the wind, and quacking of theRead MoreThe Importance Of Reflection Within The Nursing Profession844 Words   |  4 Pagesis more than just a job, it is a career. However, being a reflective nurse is extremely important, â€Å"Reflection is an essential attribute to the development of autonomous, critical and advanced practitioners† (Caldwell Grobbel, 2013). It allows for nurses to reflect on the day’s practice, whether they treated the patients with the best possible care or whether improvements were required. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to show the significant importance of reflection within the nurs ing professionRead MoreMy Most Memorable Experience In College783 Words   |  4 PagesMy first semester here at Albright College is definitely one that Im going to remember. Although it has gone by way too fast, a lot of hilarious and great memories were made, mostly with the people who are in my First Year Seminar class/POP group. Not only did I make amazing memories, but I have also changed a bit and even learned more about myself. In addition, I have made quite a few accomplishments, personal and academic since my midterm reflection. In the beginning of the semester, I came upRead MorePersonal Note On Failure Resume909 Words   |  4 PagesFailure Resume I had to write about my personal mistakes, similar to a resume but not talking about my good skills and accomplishments. It was more about things I need to change, and times in my personal life when I had fail. I learned to get real in my thoughts on what I have really accomplished today, and where I’m standing. At th e beginning of the course I didn’t wanted to open myself and tell my professor all about my personal life. So I did a really poor job on writing this assignment. AlthoughRead MoreI Am Pursuing Nursing As A Profession873 Words   |  4 Pagesorders to expand my knowledge. This essay will divulge in my reflection as to why I am pursuing nursing as a profession as well as describe and expound on how reflective practice will aid future nurses. I will begin by explaining my reasons as to why I chose this profession as a career, closely followed by the meaning of reflective practice itself, and finally, how reflective practice will be used in my future occupation. Choosing nursing as my profession wasn’t unprecedented, due to my family’s uncommon

Gender Stereotyping Standards For Men And Women Across...

Gender stereotyping sets standards for men and women across America, this being true for the past few hundred years. It is not secret that women are said to be most useful in the kitchen, and that men are to be found somewhere doing hard work, being the bread winner. Also, in the way we allow our young children to be identified; blue means it’s a boy, pink means it’s a girl. As times change, so does society and its mentality as a whole. Some stereotypes have been more difficult to break than others, those stereotypes are still present today. It is not fair that women are found limited in the work place and men are becoming so protective of their masculinity. Gender stereotyping is a problem in America today because it creates gender-bias boundaries and early gender schema development, but these relevant struggles have led to recent accomplishments, especially in the media, through highlighting genders as equally capable of any job. In today s society, we find most of the gender stereotypes through media. Whether it is music, movies or televisions shows, children and young people are constantly being introduced to a lifestyle that has been statistically decreasing for decades. Written in the fall of 2015, three authors write, â€Å"Gender role stereotyping is prominent in media and advertisements wherein companies rely on socially prescribed expectations to sell their products (Infanger, Bosak, Sczesny, 2011).† In the article, â€Å"It’s Just a Joke: Reactions and Justifications ForShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Ellen Ullman s A Strong Passionate Woman 1165 Words   |  5 Pagesthe stars. Defying the social standard, she immerses herself into the male-dominated career of computer programming where she immediately runs straight into a barrier separating her from the path to contentment and success in the workplace. Unlike many women, Ullman found a way to shatter the glass ceiling and rise above, b ut she cannot discover how to end sexism for all other women across the nation. America is said to be the land of equal-opportunity, but working women are still experiencing greatRead MoreThe Decline Of Rural America1292 Words   |  6 Pages In Hollowing Out the Middle by Carr and Kefalas, the discussion regarding the decline of rural America is brought to the forefront. This decline is not usually discussed due to the inane ability of society to deem it relevant; the decrease in rural communities is causing a devastating effect on the socioeconomic stability of America. Carr and Kefalas move to a small, rural community in eastern Iowa they name Ellis, to evaluate the cause of this decline and attempt to create a solution. ThroughRead MoreGender Stereotyping Of Sports Media1743 Words   |  7 PagesGender stereotyping in sports media is something we see everyday in magazines and on TV. Since sports were invented, males have dominated one of Canada’s largest pastimes. Reasons for this being physicality and strength, but as time progressed women began to become more involved in the culture of sport. Today there is almost an equal amount of women participating in sports as man, yet women are still not being represented with the same approach as men. About a month ago I found a video onlineRead MoreGender Is An Institutionalized System Of Social Practices Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pages Gender is more than just a trait of individuals. It is an institutionalized system of social practices for constituting males and females as different in socially significant ways and organizing inequality in terms of those differences. Widely shared gender stereotypes are in effect the â€Å"genetic code† of the gender system, since they constitute the cultural rules by which people perceive and enact gender differences and inequality. (Ridgeway, 2001) Gender is deeply entwined with socialRead MoreRole Of Women On The Sports Network1768 Words   |  8 Pagesunique. This directed me towards women, the difference of women on commercials in the sport network channels rather than feminine networks. I got this assumption from past experience; my mom is an avid food and HGTV network watcher, while I’m an avid watcher of ESPN. Specific questions were asked to create a foundation that correctly fit the direction intended for the project and its conclusions. In conclusion to the commercial experiment I found that the majority of women on the networks like ESPN haveRead MoreBlack Women And The Media1107 Words   |  5 Pagesthese phrases may be considered as compliments for black women even though they are not. However, people only know what the media portrays black women to be. It emphasizes them as ghetto, loud, angry, and ignorant. Black women are more than the negative stigma that the media portrays. In our society, the media reinforces the plag ue of African American women by stereotypes and falsities originating from slavery. For young African American women, the majority of media portrayal, especially in music andRead MoreFeminism Of Different Cultures : Women Without Liberation Essay1622 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism in Different Cultures: Women without Liberation Living in America, women’s rights are known as a sort of liberated revolution, whereas in other countries across the globe, the simplistic idea of self-importance in women is non-existent. For generations, harmful cultural practices have challenged feminist activists to conjure up a plan of action in the aid to help those women suffering in these countries. â€Å"In feminist legal studies, culture is often viewed as a deviation from the path ofRead MoreKellogg s A Cereal Company1221 Words   |  5 Pagesduster), returning the back hug with a smile. The picture also features a box of vitamins in the left lower corner, along with the couple’s conversation. The content of the image seems to discuss with an audience immersed in a traditional viewpoint of gender identity. The purpose of the ad is to promote Kellogg’s PEP vitamin infused cereal. The message conveys that the added vitamins will enhance the wife’s task performance. At the bottom of the page, the ad screams â€Å"Vitamins for pep! PEP for vitaminsRead MoreThe Glass Ceiling: A Human Capitalist Perspective Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pages The glass ceiling is an invisible barrier preventing women and minorities from advancing into upper management (Bell 67). Despite extensive legislation and the widespread implementation of equal opportunity policies, there is still widespread structural inequality and job segregation in organizations throughout the United States. The level of the `glass ceiling varies among organizations and is reflected in different employment patterns, hiring practices, and promotion plans (Adler 451). TheRead MoreThe Glass Ceiling : A Human Capitalist Perspective1687 Words   |  7 PagesThe Glass Ceiling: A Human Capitalist Perspective The glass ceiling is an invisible barrier preventing women and minorities from advancing into upper management (Bell 67). Despite extensive legislation and the widespread implementation of equal opportunity policies, there is still widespread structural inequality and job segregation in organizations throughout the United States. The level of the `glass ceiling varies among organizations and is reflected in different employment patterns, hiring

An Observation of the Aeneid Essay Example For Students

An Observation of the Aeneid Essay The Romans, unlike the Greeks were not gifted in abstract thought. They constructed no original system of philosophy, invented no major literary forms, and made no scientific discoveries. Yet, they excelled in the art of government and empire building, they created a workable world-state and developed skills in administration, law, and practical affairs. In the Punic Wars, the Roman republic defeated the Carthaginians in North Africa and Rome inherited the Pergamene Kingdom from the last of the Attalids in 133 B.C. Rome became heir to the legacy of the Hellenistic world of the Greeks. The Hellenistic period which lasted 300 years in is noted by the death of Alexander in 323 B.C. It is marked by its rich, sophisticated and diverse culture. Many Romans were eager to merge with this Greek culture in order to exhibit the dominance of their rule over conquered societies. This exhibition of dominance was the primary motivation of the Roman desire to possess fine works of Greek Art. Whereas, other Romans, were convinced that the pursuit of the assimilation of foreign cultures would only harm the republic. During this time, much social disintegration and unhindered individualism threatened political stability. However, the adoption of Greek art for Roman needs was very popular. An educated Roman was well versed in the history of Greek Art and was socially compelled to collect Greek art for personal embellishment. The modernization of the old Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia is an example of the new Roman attitude toward art and architecture as Greek artists migrated in vast numbers to the new capital of the world. Roman generals and their quest to establish Rome as the new unchallenged capital of the world justified the expense of replanning the old sanctuary. This accomplishment would bring them personal glory and uplift the majestic status of Roman people. Roman architecture benefited as the citys wealth grew as other leaders contributed to the expansion of new monuments. Lucias Cornelius Sculla, (82-78 B.C.) led the Romans is Social War and later became dictator and master of the city of Rome. He brought Corinthian columns form the temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens to renew the shrine of the Roman Jupiter in the capital. This act symbolized the transferal of spiritual power from the aristocracy of the Senate to autocratic leaders, and art began to be shaped by their preferences. This satisfied the Roman desire for grandiose architecture by being the model of Hellenistic majestic ornate style. The first leader to resolve the conflict of this desire for magnificence beyond anything the world had ever seen and the moralistic fear that Greek art was corrupting Roman virtues was Augustus Caesar. He used art as imperialistic treasures with his building program. Some examples of his architecture are; the Forum, Council House and Temple of Apollo on the Palatine. These examples illustrate effectively the might and grandeur of the Roman Empire. The reign of Augustus brought forth the mindfulness of other art forms, such as literature. Virgil (70-19 B.C.), was a Roman poet, who wrote the great epic poem, the Aeneid (30-19 B.C.) during the last ten years his life. This masterpiece contained 12 books, and was written in dedication and praise to the glories of Augustus and his empire. It celebrated the Roman imperial values in the role of its Trojan hero Aeneas, who is destined to found a new city in Italy. Virgil was patronized by Maecenas on behalf of Octavian (later the emperor Augustus). He composed in the traditional Homeric meter of hexameters. In contrast to the Iliad and the Odyssey, the Aeneid, is considered the first great literary epic, while Homers epics are deemed works of oral poetry. Virgil constructed this epic at the request of Augustus, to glorify Rome whereas, Homer chose to create based on societal morals. .u5c6ea27bc24aa7705d8d0aa74ac42901 , .u5c6ea27bc24aa7705d8d0aa74ac42901 .postImageUrl , .u5c6ea27bc24aa7705d8d0aa74ac42901 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5c6ea27bc24aa7705d8d0aa74ac42901 , .u5c6ea27bc24aa7705d8d0aa74ac42901:hover , .u5c6ea27bc24aa7705d8d0aa74ac42901:visited , .u5c6ea27bc24aa7705d8d0aa74ac42901:active { border:0!important; } .u5c6ea27bc24aa7705d8d0aa74ac42901 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5c6ea27bc24aa7705d8d0aa74ac42901 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5c6ea27bc24aa7705d8d0aa74ac42901:active , .u5c6ea27bc24aa7705d8d0aa74ac42901:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5c6ea27bc24aa7705d8d0aa74ac42901 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5c6ea27bc24aa7705d8d0aa74ac42901 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5c6ea27bc24aa7705d8d0aa74ac42901 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5c6ea27bc24aa7705d8d0aa74ac42901 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5c6ea27bc24aa7705d8d0aa74ac42901:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5c6ea27bc24aa7705d8d0aa74ac42901 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5c6ea27bc24aa7705d8d0aa74ac42901 .u5c6ea27bc24aa7705d8d0aa74ac42901-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5c6ea27bc24aa7705d8d0aa74ac42901:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What i think Essay The late art of the Roman republic is synonomous to the last stage of the Hellenistic art period of Greece. Most masterpieces of Roman art are Greek. Imitations were common at that time, due to the Roman admiration of Hellenistic artistry. Roman art greatly resembled Hellenistic art in both style and convention. As illustrated by the famous antique sculpture, Laocon and His Sons. This group was discovered in Rome .