Human Resources Constructive-Dismissal Report Essay Example for Free

Human Resources Constructive-Dismissal Report EssayMessageIt has come to my unfortunate attention that a former employee has made a discrimation-focused legal claim against our company. My design is to define formative dismissal explain the legal mandates to which it may be attri hardlyed discuss the meritsor lackof it and offer future mitigative actions to avoid such(prenominal) claims.Constructive DismissalDefinedBefore delving into a serious discussion of the former employees claim, it is important to understand the legal construct upon which it has been founded this construct is referred to as constructive dismissal. Constructive dismiissal refers to an employee compulsion to terminate any functioning relationships with an employer. The impetus for the termination is an employers provideful intent to create a hostile or unbearable work lay outing condition. Legally speaking, constructive dismissal is, then, tantamount to involuntarily separating the employee from the company (United States De breachment of Labor, 2012). at that place be three criterions that must be considered when adjudicating whether a situation falls within constructive-dismissal grounds. They are1. Intolerable Conditions2. Objective Standard3. Employer Knowledge and IntentThe adjective in the first standard is important, because it makes the distinction surrounded by undue working conditions that are unbearable for a reasonable person and a process change that may be inconvenient for theemployee but is non intolerable. Trival matters such as changing a computer from a PC to a Mac, are exmempt from this standard, since these frustrations are a normative in all areas of use of goods and services.The succor standard establishes a consensus on what is considered intolerable. It is defined as a work environment in which a reasonable person would feel compelled to quit.The third standard is in any case important, because it clearly indicates that the employer must know that changes that it is implementing create an intolerable environment, and it does so with the intent of compelling an employee to quit as opposed to implementing changes that are motivated by a substantiated business need (Turner v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc., 1994).Please note that constructive dismissal does not necessarily imply divergence (though it is almost always discrimination based), since it sack up apply to both those in a defend class or outside it.The ex-employee charges that the inscription change for the production incision was an unreasonable action on the companys part and resulted in her being forced to work on a holy day of her religious persuasion. Resultantly, she charges that she felt compelled to quit, which is why she has filed a constructive-discharge claim against the company.Constructive-Dismissal and Attendant Legal MandatesMore than just creating such a toxic environment, when the working condition creates an undue effect based on the employees race, ethni city, gender, national origin, or religion. the Title VII of the obliging Rights Act applies and sets forth(1) to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or some otherwise to discriminate against any individual with notice to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such indvidualsrace, color, religion, sex, or national origin or(2) to limit, segregate, or classify his employees or appli green goddessts for employment in any way which woulld deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his stipulation as an employee, because of such individuals race, color, religion, sex, or national origin (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2012).An amalgamation of undue effect and discrimination of a protected class engenders different mend (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2012) Employment separation due to disparate impingement explicitly applies to the following secti ons of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The onus of proof is placed on the claimant. This person must do the following(i) a complaining company demonstrates that a respondent uses a particular employment drill that causes a disparate impact on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin and the respondent fails to demonstrate that the challenged practice is suppose related for the position in question and consistent with business necessity or(ii) the complaining party makes the demonstration described in subparagraph (C) with respect to an selection employment practice and the respondent refuses to adopt such alternative employment practice.(B) (i) With respect to demonstrating that a particular employment practice causes a disparate impact as described in subparagraph (A)(i), the complaining party shall demonstrate that each particular challenged employment practice causes a disparate impact, except that if the complaining party cigaret demonstrate to the court that the elements of a respondents decisionmaking process are not capable of separation for analysis, the decisionmaking process may be canvas as one employment practice.(ii) If the respondent demonstrates that a specific employment practice does not cause the disparate impact, the respondent shall not be call for to demonstrate that such practice is required by business necessity.(C) The demonstration referred to by subparagraph (A)(ii) shall be in accordance with the law as it existed on June 4, 1989, with respect to the concept of alternative employment practice.(2) A demonstration that an employment practice is required by business necessity may not be used as a defense against a claim of intentional discrimination under this subchapter.(3) Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, a rein in barring the employment of an individual who currently and knowingly uses or possesses a controlled substance, as defined in schedules I and II of section 102(6) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802(6)), other than the use or possession of a drug taken under the supervision of a licensed health care professional, or any other use or possession authorized by the Controlled Substances Act 21 U.S.C. 801 et seq. or any other provision of Federal law, shall be considered an unlawful employment practice under this subchapter only if such rule is adopted or applied with an intent to discriminate because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2012).Although constructive dismissal is not directly referred to in the Civil Rights Act, it is clearly implied, since such a dismissal normally is directed at protected classes of individuals. When combined with disparate impact, constructive dismissal will fall under the purview of the Civil Right Act, and both are legally actional behaviors that the federal government will occupy through legal action and fines.It should be noted that the level o f requisite integrity of constructive-dismissal claims can vary from state to state. For example, Washington extends a protected-class status to gays, lesbians, bisexual, transgender, or intersexed people, whereas Arizona extends no special class status to them. A constructive-dismissal claim due to sexual orientation in Washington would be considered in Arizona, such a claim would not be considered. Furthermore, such a claim would face significant challenges ifappealed to federal levels, since federal laws offer no protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation (Human Rights Campaign, 2012).In addition to constructive dismissal, the ex-employee charges that the schedule change infringed on her right to practice her religion, since she believed that she was required to work on a holy day. The Title VII Act explicitly prohibits discrimation based on religious affiliation.Constructive-Dismissal MeritsThe ex-employees claim does not satisfy constructive-dismissal, dispar ate-impact, and discrimination prohibitions. The facts of this possibility clearly indicate this.Let us apply this individuals claim to the standards required for each prohibition. First, for constructive dismissal, our company must create a hostile environment for the sole purpose of compelling the employee to quit.The ex-employee believes that the schedule adjustment, which required 12-hour days for four days a week and with three days off, created a hostile environment. This particular aspect of this individuals claim fails this test for a few reasons 1) Business growth motivated the schedule adjustment, not venom 2.) the schedule adjustment applied to the most affected department, which is production, since it is tasked with keeping up with the increased demand for our products and 3.) we provided employees of that department schedule options we did not constrain them to work on specific days that happened to be days of observance for their religion. Considering the schedule f lexibility offered, if the ex-employee worked on a holy day, it was out of choice, not compulsion on the part of our company.Another implication in the above argument is that a different department did not have its schedule modify. As indicated above, we adjusted the schedule for the department that is directly affected by the business growththe production department. There is no impetus for us to adjust schedules for the human-resources department, for example.Second, for objective standards, courts have repeatedly govern that constructive dismissal is applicable if we create an environment that is so heinous, a reasonable person would quit. I have just indicated that our schedule adjustment was motivated by business need, not malice toward a particular individual or religion. All of the other employees took advantage of the schedule opportunity offered and chose days to work that were appropriate for their needs. There have been no other complaints of being forced to work or bein g unable to work on a non-holy day. found on the scenario, it would not be reasonable to quit ones job.Third, for employer knowledge and intent, it is true that we knew that the increase in business might have caused an impact on certain employees lives. We proactively remedied this situation by offering such a flexible schedule, with employees making their own choice of what days they would and would not work. Employees have more or less half their workweek off. There is no reason for an individual to work on a holy day. Also, our only intent was to meet our customers needs, so we adjusted our business processes to effectively do so.The underlying concern is that our actions were motivated by this individuals religion. There is no tenable bear witness to support such a concern. We hire a range of people with different religious beliefs. Some are unwilling to work on Sundays. Others are unwilling to work on Saturdays. Some require prayer at various points during the day. Where re asonable, we have always provided accommodations for such observances, and we did so with our schedule adjustment. There was no targeting of any religion. There is no veracity to the ex-employees claims.The company must respond to these charges. It can do so in one of three ways1. The company can ignore the facts of this scenario and accept that the ex-employees claims have merit and can then move to placate the ex-employee in a few ways a. Rehiring the ex-employee and paying her retroactive pay for the time she did not work, b. Not rehiring the ex-employee butoffering a settlement to avoid a protracted legal scenario, or c. Rehiring the ex-employee and accommodating her schedule requests (Palopoli, 2011).2. The company can enter into arbitration with the ex-employee to discuss the facts of the scenario, with the intention of arriving at an equitable solution that will placate the concerns of the ex-employee and the company (EEOC, 2012).3. The company can contradict the charges in a court of law, especially after the findings of an investigative company effort denote no actual discrimination or the appearance of it (Cruz, Padilla, Narvae jurisprudence Firm, 2011).There are caveats to each of these responses, however. For Response 1, this action is a clear company admission of its culpability in discrimination within its organization. It is an unbalanced response, since it placates the ex-employee but tarnishes the name of the company. Furthermore, acquiescing to the ex-employees claims by adjusting the schedule may very well set an inappropriate expectation for other employees. An influx of schedule requests based on employees who invoke their religious preferences would thwart the purpose of the schedule request, which is to meet customer demand.For Response 2, the results of an arbitration hearing are legally binding and normally are a mitigative step against taking up the matter in a court of law. There is a likelihood, no matter how remote, that arbitr ation will result in our companys acquiescing to the ex-employees claims. This eventuality can result in financal loss due to paying exorbitant sums to the ex-employee for what would amount to silencing her reprehension of our company. Or if the results of the arbitration fall in line with the companys wishes, the negative image that the ex-employee may generate would harm recruiting efforts of candidates or customers who increasingly place value on companies that demonstrate social responsbility toward people and its surroundings.For Response 3, the judgment in a legal case can be binding. There may be a remote possibility that our company may not vindicate itself fully in court. Because of the facts of the case, it would be reasonable to expect that our company would appeal. However, the cost to contend with the ex-employee in court may be prohibitively high. And even if our company emerges victoriously, the result would not constrain the ex-empoyee from tarnishing our companys name in the marketplace.Based on the eventualities listed above, the viable course of action is Response 3. The actions of our company are sufficiently supported to provide a solid response in a legal setting. The likelihood of not prevailing in court is minimal. And although the opportunity cost to following this route is devoting funds unnecessarily to a raging claim, vindication in court may very indicate to others who choose to bring dubious claims that our company will respond indignantly to these affronts to our companys reputation.Responding to the baseless claim by pursuing the matter in court is a tenable position, since our anti-discrimination policy is clear. (In allusion to a subsequent section, the clarity of the policy does not imply that it has been adequately explained to prosepctive and current employees a training program offered to our recruiting staff will resolve that matter.) Our greatest defense is in presenting this policy as raise to the court. The policy clearly indicates that the company respects religion as a protected class and makes every effort to accommodate religious rites as foresightful as they do not present an undue contravention of company operation (HR Info Center, 2009).A court-centered legal response to this claim is preferable also because of the investigative process that is extant within our anti-discrimination policy. The ex-employee did not provide our company an opportunity to investigate the claim before she resigned her position. The only indication that a trouble existed was when the EEOC delivered the complaint to our company. Our investigative processes clearly demonstrate the thoroughnessand seriousness that our policy devotes to discrimination complaints. Multiple layers of leadership are involved in the process, and many employees are interviewed to cook if they shared the same sentiments.The investigative process is also confidential, and the results are shared with no entity without a need-to-know b asis. Furthermore, the investigative process has corrective action built in if there is a determination of discrimination against the employee making the complaint. It also has a built-in anti-retaliation policy, regardless the result of the complaint. Our company can provide documented evidence of our response to past complaints as well as the companys disposition toward employees after the resolution of these complaints. Demonstrating the companys follow-through efforts that the ex-employee did not facilitate herself of will provide substantial support of our contention that we are committed to operating in a discrimination-free environment (Kleiner Perkins Files Legal Response To Gender diversity Suit, Denies Each And Every Material Allegation, 2012).Another reason why pursuing this matter in a court of law is appropriate is that our company can demonstrate our commitment to investing in the conjunction in which we operate, a diverse community. Our company currently provides s everal millions of dollars in tax tax income to the community, revenue from which all members of the community good. But more than tax revenue, our company provides financial support to various groups in the community religious-based groups, gay-and-lesbian groups, black-focused groups, and women-centered groups. Our commitment to financially supporting the community is a potent response by itself to the baseless claima against us. Logically speaking, it would be nonsensical for our company to expend money for these community-focused endeavors while practicing discrimination against the very members of the groups that benefit from our financial support (Response to discrimination claims, 2007).

Homosexuality in Ghana Essay Example for Free

Homosexuality in Ghana EssayHomosexuality is one of the prime heated debates globally. existence a social issue that is affecting the antiquity marriage culture and religious believes it has raised numerous controversies among the societies, government and non-governmental organizations. The term homosexualism has been widely and globally to different extents. Some people confuse used the terminology to refer to the physical and emotional attractions of people of the very(prenominal) sex. Other people ca-ca be it as the preference for emotional sexual relations of people of same sex. This is implies that homosexuality comprises of gay, lesbians and bisexuals. Homosexuality has becomes a global social problem of controversy essentially due to the gender identity as well as sexual orientation. (Adu-Gyamfi, 2007) Historically, homosexuality is an act that has been in existence for several decades or so centuries. In most of the European nations, the starting line report on h omosexuality as social issue appe atomic number 18d in 17th century in the year of 1885.The British parliament was indeed the first find faulty on homosexuality, hence, by the 1885, they cast their votes against homosexuality making it a criminal act. Since then, there has been much attention over homosexuality making states like Germany to launch campaigns over it. During the campaigns, thousands of homosexual individuals were arrested and confined into camps for correctional purposes. According to the works of Melville, homosexuality was being in skillful in the early years of the twentieth century.His study breached that homosexuality in the Dahomey where the Fon people was dominating population. Homosexuality therefore appears to have been eminent issue which, non only the Europeans, Asians and American states be coming into term with, nevertheless most countries in African continents are still struggling to cope with. As make points out, he says I had enough evidence t o believe that any habit, regardless of how compulsive, how deeply ingrained, could be broken once and for all. ( cooper, 1991) Literature reviewLike in many some other countries, homosexuality in Ghana has divided the community as whole into their different opinions. Some people in the community have embraced this new kind of culture while a good proportion of the community population rejects. It is determined that most of the Ghanaians reside in rural areas. Actually, devil thirds of the community populations are in the remote parts of the country where the media and other socials influencer are much limited. The population of the youths is relatively high, forming forty five percent of the chalk up population.Although scores of African youths have been assimilated and generally adapted new lifestyles of the westerners, there is much resistance of this transition in the Ghanaians youths. The penetration of changes in their cultures has highly been resisted through the charge and teaching which demonstrates the ancient managements of gender roles and marriages value. This implies that there is a lot of controlled over the operations of the community which in the correspond worlds view, numerous activities are contrary to their expectation. (Murray, and Roskam, 1998)According to many researches in the Ghanaians social liberty, the community of females and children in the states are well undermined and mistreated. Due to the maintenance of distinctive gender role among men and women, Ghana is described as a mans world. This indicates that the women in Ghana are counted as subordinates twain in home leadership and also in the leadership level of country. The value of children in the Ghanaians community have is indescribable and this has given marriage issues first prior and extended restrictions to adoption of western nature of lifestyles.Childlessness for men and women has got the highest humiliations in a couple families but this is much more to the fe males. Thus, the erosion of the old traditions and cultures are still minimal but they are up held with great respect in most ethnic groups much(prenominal) as the Akan who believe that childlessness is an abnormality and sick to the females. The transitions in the social workouts coupled with economic changes have compelled and diminished most communities traditions on marriages and children value. However, these have little effects in the Ghanaians.Sex preference has been a common practice in many developing countries, whereby unwanted sexes are given the dire consequences. This has little penetration in the Ghanaians having no strong preconceived idea for a specific sex. (Murray, and Roskam, 1998) Influencing factors of homosexuality in Ghana Imprisonment Ghana is one of the states which are depicted to offer severe penalties to the perpetrators of the law. Though prisons are institutions company up for correctional purposes, numerous reports shows that the Ghanaians prisons condition harden the peoples character instead of correcting them.According to the numerous researches which are conducted in their prisons, many of them reveal that the conditions make the inmates lives to tolerate harsh environment. It is said that inmates who are imprisoned for a period extending to more than two years do commit criminal offences which are more worse than the crime they were convicted. One common crime which is disclosed is the involvement of inmates in homosexually. Instead of reforming these inmates, most of them find themselves hardening in their lives as result of the mistreatment.Due to stress and sexual desire within the people behind bars, homosexuality in prisons is reported as serious and rampant in jails. Men and women serving as inmate may develop the sexual desire like any other person, as results of the restrictions and limited interaction of males and females, same sex inmates engages on mutual carnal sex. (Murray and Roskam, 1998) Education The se lf-control in most school-age childs is very low. This is aggravated by the challenges which arise at the adolescent stage. Cooper observed that when he grew up there was change in his life.He thus said I became the scientist of my own desire, plotting ways to change my yearning for boys into a yearning for girls. While in most case boarding schools are perceived to be of advantageous on learning and achieving higher level of education, student enrolled as boarders in these schools are still under compelling conditions on interactions. Though some students do snitch out school to find their opposite sex friend for sexual satisfaction, hopeless and desperate boys and girls in schools normally get entangled in practicing homosexuality in dormitories.This occurs especially not with equals but it involves seniors and juniors of the same sex. The practice by students in same sex is not a permitted act in the law and society it takes place as way of satisfying the sexual whim. Though i n some schools there both boys and girls such as mixed boarders, homosexuality is not something unheard off. In such environments, homosexuality such lesbianism, gay and bisexuality are common practices. Among the female students in mixed school, homosexuality is increased due to the educational set goals.The practice of homosexuality among them is a way of evading the consequences of unwanted pregnancies which can lead to the termination of their studies. (Cooper, 1991) Economic reason Tourism is becoming a booming trade in the world. Ghanaians are not exempted from such opportunities of tourists in their state. Tourists arriving from the Western countries and American states roam everywhere, bringing with them the culture of homosexuality. The interaction of the tourists with locals transforms their culture.However, it is common that most of these local people in Ghana falls victims of money which is trick applied by the foreigners. Some of the people end up engaging themselves as heterosexual prostitutes while other ruins their lives with the illicit acts of homosexuality. This influence is much augmented by the modern technology. According to several sources, chat rooms have become social places which sex tourists are highly concentrating on conducting their preys.They visit such chat sites to makes relationships with the young youths online but when they physically arrive, they get involved into multiple sexes-with them in promise of finances. Usually, the socio-economic problems are firsthand factors which are thus compelling the youths look for financial aids and relief at this risky illegalized ways. Thus influx of serial monogamy, unstable marriages low parsimoniousness in one way or the other have rapidly increased the ratio of homosexuals, creating a breading grounds for pimps who end up being homosexuals or bisexual partners or prostitutes. Adu-Gyamfi, 2007)Major problems associated with homosexuality Mistrust among couples, unchecked spread of sexually transmit diseases, low productivity due stigmatization, high incidents of suicide as a result of rejection, are some of the negative effects that are a result of homosexuality, which many recognize but regards as unethical insufferable trend, however, the greatest obstacle has been to control the unexpected explosion of both hetero bisexual prostitutes who have invaded the cities with a bang.Bernard said My longing was wrong in the eyes of my mother, whose cob eyes were the eyes of the world, and if that longing continued unchecked, the unwieldy shape of my fate would be cast, and Id be subjected to a lifetime of scorn. All in all, unlike conventional sexual partners, homosexuals are viewed with suspicion more than often mistreated in some cases denied access to public facilities like hospitals schools, while on the other hand the government has ignored their plight, infringing their right of association hence making the civil society to be aggressive, more abusive towards them. Cooper, 1991) Homosexuality is not only black-market in the society due to fear from the society but it is also criticized as major contributor to the numerous sexual transmitted diseases. The homosexual community is well associated with common problems which may include soreness and ulcers in the sex organs and the anal points.Despites the impeding hazards of these initials problems of soreness, seeking of health serve rare happens among them, and in case the condition call for healthy care attention, it only happens at the late period of the conditions with most of the victims rare looking for the attend to from governmental and public healthy service providers. The fear on prolonged interrogations from the officer makes them to get drugs from the counters rather than dispensaries and hospitals a facts which may worsen the spreading of breakneck plagues in the countries such HIV? AIDS.These events have propelled some humanitarian organizations to speak on behalf of homosexuals, who have been associated with all manner of vices from prostitution, child pornography to drug trafficking, thus advocating for their respect, recognition acceptance in the society. (Adu-Gyamfi, 2007) Conclusion Homosexuality is one of the issues which have strongly been resisted in Ghana. It has received much opposing forces both from the government as well as the society. Though it is not genetically associated, the efforts of the resisting groups are becoming wastes.Through diverse circumstances, many Ghanaians have been fallen into this tragic incident which is a taboo among the society and illegal in the governmental constitutions. Though the government, some groups people in the community and other organization like those of religious institutions have all tried to shut down the doors of homosexuality, traces of this cultures which was initially associated with the westerners have permeated in the country mysterious. Surprisingly, such organizations can be bla med over enormous contributions to the acts.Having the grounds of the situations under which homosexuality in states is being augmented, this call for new strategic ways of intervention rather than imposing more stringent rules on homosexuality which ruin the live of many young men. This means that homosexuality is no more of benefit to the individuals who practices it except shame. The most fundamental of all factors to be considered is the impacting of moralistic understanding of the nature of sex practices and the empowerment of the community to alleviated poverty level among members of the society. (Cooper, 1991)

Shaping of Online and Offline Social Relationships

Shaping of Online and Offline Social RelationshipsINTRODUCTIONTechnic everyy speaking mesh is a global light upwork of interconnected networks. all(prenominal) most all of these networks holds files such as web pages, that can be entryed by all early(a) networked computers. E genuinely computer or any twirl like cell phone etc which is connected to internet have the ability to send and receive files in the form of emails or another file extensions oer the internet. And thus the slew all over the initiation atomic number 18 connected always. If we place internet in the historical context and then critically examines the action of internet ingestion on the affectionate congenerships then we could see that the effects of internet use are largely depended on particular goals such as self-expression or competition. In 1998, Kraut and his colleagues cited a correlation between the internet use and declines in social relationships. After years the uniform convocation of peop le did a study on the original sample group and founded out that the negative effects of using internet had dissipated and also it suggested that the internet had a very positive effect on social and psychological wellbeing of the modern people. Here my aim or objective is to critically analyse the work through by Bo Xie on the topic The mutual shaping of online and offline social relationships. The author of this topic is Dr. Bo Xie, (PhD, Rensselaer Polytechnic ) Assistant Professor in college of information studies under the University of Maryland. She has produce a number of books on information management. Her Research Interests are in Health informatics older adults learning and use of computers and the Internet computer literacy long learning civic engagement volunteering social relationships social support online communities health and well-being (http //terpconnect.umd. Edu/ boxie/).As a conclusion of my critical analysis I came to know that internet has both positive and negative effects on the social relationships in the modern homo.Some of the positive effects are like online chatting, which will create radical friendships and relationships which also helps in behind in touch with old friends .The same chatting could be the demerit when it creates wasteful relationships between people while chatting in the net for long hours. The positive effects of the internet on the social relationships may be crucial but the demerits of using internet might be poisonousMETHOD OF military ratingIn the method of evaluation of the explore author had interviewed thirty three participants from OldKids organisation whom falls under old age group and different educational mainstaygrounds. Here the author tries to point out two culture specific groups. First -informed by anthropologists on the observation that the ageing flummox difference over cultures and these participants were not selected by age but by self identification. It contained Chinese citizens. Se cond-retired Chinese participants. In the query the author speaks about the social relationships in the internet age and the social relationships in the later life. She says that the use of internet in this age reduces social relationship and increases the social isolation. The studies reveal that this apprehension was accepted before years but now the online relationships are to a greater extent reliable ,realistic, low cost and easy reachable than in older days. She describes that the digital world or the internet age is completely independent on on the offline or the physical world. This is a true fact and the two worlds are entirely different from each other with their own advantages and disadvantages.The practical(prenominal) world helps each person to get over from the embodied constraints such as sex, age , washout and nationality and gives a quite environment from the outreach of the physical world. But there is also a chance of getting attracted more towards sexy relat ionships as the online users could pass their put across shameless(prenominal)ly as they are not seeing each other fountain to face. The use of online relations also creates stage frightness in children. The virtual world creates the same situations prevailing in the physical world. This hypothesis is right from my point of view as well.Now we could do any thing in the virtual world that is happening in the physical world expect from the point of physical contacts. More recently the computer people had created level(p) virtual bingos were a user could make a profile with a a character and that character could interact with the other characters whom are created by other users. From the evidences and the references the author argues that the social relationships created or formed and maintained through email are perceived by individuals are less valuable than the relationship created by the one to one face to face and telephonic relationships. This hypothesis is not completely acc eptable as there are many evidence of people getting more and more engaged in relationships which is created through internet.But the hypothesis is acceptable from the point of view that people even cant remember even the names of their online friends. The supporting character of the friendship is very less or rarely visible in online relationship.Evidences shows that friendship is more attached in the later life of older adults. The virtual online friends tries to meet and mingle in the physical world of relations. Thus online friends tends to meet their friends physically face to faceTECHNIQUES USED FOR GATHERING DATA AND ANALYSISThe techniques utilize for the collection of selective informations to support my observations were absolutely secondary that is by reading the books, journels and and also surfing in the internet as the record of the assignment is to critically analyse. As we analyse the datas available we could say that the research make by Dr.Bo Xie had some few lim itations. The first one is that it has concidered all the people from china as the samples. The use of internet for make relationships in china may be different from other separate of the world. As China is technologically forward than many other countries the online relations could be more in China than in other countries.Second one is that the research selected only thirty three participants which is not sufficient for a good research to be conducted. But the technique used was random sampling which could provide with damp results. The data collection would be better if it could do an online sampling which includes the people from other parts of the world were there use of internet is not so common. Third one is that the samples contained only old people and it completely avoided the new generation which definitely would create a break through in the research. The data analysis for this study was controlled by grounded theory where the data collection and analysis occurs simult aneously to ensure the coevolution of the data and the theory.After interview with each person the author writes a short description about the feed back including the metre and location of the interview.Its a long process of making a research which takes much time but helps to include each and every clarified details of the observation. Then the analysis showed that the need to meet offline is in relation with the need to know more about computers and also to mingle with the friends in the same age group in the physical world. It also resulted in formations of some clubs as well. Internet helped the people to connect with the peers who were physically far off who were not in reach to the old people. This is also an acceptable fact but we should concider one point that internet is not available in rural parts of most of the world.LITERATURE REVIEWGreater use of the Internet was also associated with small, but statistically significant declines in social involvement as thrifty by communication with the family and the size of peoples local social networks, and with increases in loneliness, a psychological state associated with social involvement. ( Kraut et al,1998) A second study was then done on new purchasers of computer and televisions, and it also showed that the internet had a positive effect on social and psychological well-being. Unsurprisingly, this was more pronounced for extroverts and more socially connected people. (Kraut et al) Results of a new three year study are the first to reveal the social consequences of living in a highly-wired, broadband neighborhood. This research addresses recent interest in the effects of Internet use on relationships with friends, relatives and neighbors. The key finding is that living in a wired neighborhood with access to a high-speed local network encourages greater community involvement, expands and strengthens local relationships with neighbors and family, and helps maintain ties with friends and relatives livi ng farther away. (Prof. Keith Hampton and Prof. Barry Wellman )MAIN ARGUMENTSMain argument gives the strength and helplessness of the research.StrengthsThe research has well explained how the online relations helped older people in finding their old peers and making new friends who are physically too far away from them. The theory used for the research that is the ground theory has strongly supported the findings and observations of the author. The interviews were conducted in depth and it has taken down all the points without any miss at the time of the interview.The analysis is so clear that every one could understand it without much difficulty.The research clearly mentions how the internet helped the old people in making a new online world of their own.The resarch gives references to many great books and authors to make it more reliable.It discusses the topic with a story which the make the readers more entertained.WeaknessThe research discusses only the positive aspects of old people using internet.The survey done was not a random survey which decreases the accuracy of the research. The number of persons selected for the research were very less like thirty three and also the members were selected from China only.The research did not give any individual details of the interviewees and it just give only an enlist of a broader topic.The internet is mostly used by students teenagers etc who were not involved in this research.So there is a chance of getting inaccurate or even wrong dimensions to the research.It also not mentions about what happens in the other parts of the world where there is only a limited access to internet.DISCUSSION AND EVALUATIONThis research topic is more relevent to the modern world while evaluating deeply and is a must discussed topic.Firstly the use of internet to make peers for the old people is a topic which accurate to the modern world of stress and tension. Due to the increase in number of internet users the world becomes famili ar to each individual.The topic is heavy because in near future nobody might be there who doesnt know how to work with internet. The evidences put forward by the researcher are all valid and the theory and the situation used are very supportive.The conclusion or the outcome of the research is sufficient in giving the idea of the topic. The research is transparent that the techniques used are quite appropriate and is been justified. Though the analysis was good the data collection was not upto the mark but also resulted in better outcome. The methodology is widely accepted type and sounds proper to the prevailing situation.Critically examining is the best way to interpret a research and also it helps in producing better outcomes and a modified future to the stakeholdersCONCLUSIONThis critical review comes into the conclusion that the research has a positive attitude towards the online relationship at the same time it accepts the physical relationship as well. The aim of the research was to differentiate between online and offline relationship and it has done its job with perfection. The research is reliable, acceptable and adds value to the future world. The findings are based and built on theories so they are accurate .the theory shows that the number of people attracted towards online relationship is increased due to its positive aspects. Though online relation creates a virtual distance between the people it creates an awareness that we are one. The most polished quality of the topic falls in the relevant nature of the hosen topic. The results obtained can be used in most of the countries though it cannot be used in some of the rural parts of the world. The limitations of the research are overcome by the relevance and importance of the topic. The research gives great contribution to the modern world of computer. So the validity of the topic is very high.

Communication Plays An Important Role Education Essay

Communication Plays An Important Role Education EssayReading, penning, speaking, listening, viewing, and visually representing comprise the language humanities and literacy processes. According to Gunning (2010), these elements start developing at an early age and progressively fix more refined as a child amasses a insane asylum of oral language, written language, and life experiences.TaskA. Write an essay (suggested distance of 2-4 pages) in which you discuss each of the following in the context of language humanistic discipline development in elementary- fourth-year children1. Reading2. Writing3. speaking4. Listening5. Viewing6. visually representingThe ability to communicate plays an important role both in quick-witted development and in the growth of personality. Children at each grade level have their character needs for growth as wholesome as their characteristic methods of reaction and response. As teachers learn to fit the language arts program to these needs and to these ways of responding, as they set realistic goals, and as they work with rather than against childrens normal patterns of development, satisfactory growth in language will result. For the language arts program is both an end and means. It develops skills in all forms of conversation through language, giving children increasing insight into the structure and effective use of their mother tongue and developing their ability to read and listen as well as to use reading and listening for worth-wile purposes in life. At the same time, language is the means by which children aquire knowledge and understanding in all areas of genteelness and in first-hand experience in life.Reading is an important element of the literacy process for an elementary student. Reading shadower open the door to various new experiences and exhaustively expand a students horizon for learning. Books are important to help children understand the development of them selves as well as others. Children love to probe motives and discover answers to their have problems through reading. Reading is the interpretation of written language. Children learn their first words by simply being told what they are. The process by which he or she keeps in mind the visual image, the pronunciation, and the meaning is not all together clear, but he uses such sight words exclusively in the early stages of reading. master(a) children learn at the Elementary level through a combination of matching and differentiating visual images and by memorizing the position of accredited words. Configuration, or shape and length of words are natural cues for most beginners. Children are usually unconscious to the fact that they are leaning these skills, until they become thrilled about the fact that they stooge read by themselves. Children also develop reading skills by connecting words with pictures and associating the two.Writing is committing a persons thoughts or ideas to paper. Once the writing is encoded then the reading can be decoded. Listening to the teacher read stories and poetry about their own experience or related to it helps children to sense the power of words and the ways in which they are fitted into sentences. The two elements go hand in hand together. Children can grow and develop into mature writers through motivation that stems from their own interest. Direct article of faith and conscious learning are needed to meet the various needs involved in the development of writing. Children first learn to write their names in order to identify their work. The process develops slowly in the first year and then rapidly increases in the second year of school. By the end of leash grade an Elementary student is usually writing with a great deal of skill and independence. As the child gains in ability, he or she is boost to write independently, turning to the teacher for any help needed with placement on paper, handwriting, or spelling of words. As the student develops independence in writing and spelling, the child also grows in interest in using writing for various personal and practical purposes and in satisfaction in the power he is achieving.Speaking is the one activity that most Elementary children can all break downicipate in no matter the age or grade level. Speaking can be defined as communicating vocally. Under favorable circumstances the normal child speaks freely and fearlessly when he or she enters school. The student uses words to express his wishes and his or her feelings, and may even employ phrases such as, thank you, please, and excuse me. From the first day of school, the child continues to add to his or her abilites in speaking. As the student has new experiences, he or she aquires new words with wich to talk about. As the student adds to his vocabulary, he or she learns new ways to vagabond words together to grow what he or she thinks. Every new experience gives him more words or clearer understanding of ones already known every new in terest makes the student eager to find better ways to vocally express there selves. The students successful contacts with reading and writing, although they depend in part on his ability in oral language, will also serve that ability. As the student progresses in school he or she will become more adapt at articulation.Listening can be defined as giving attention with the ear. The development of children in listening is continuously coordinated with their growth in speaking, and after the early years of childhood, with their reading and writing as well. Listening is a forerunner of speaking and continues to bear a correlative relationship to it. For every speaker, there must be a listener the listener, in turn, becomes a better speaker for having listened well to the speech of others. Elementary aged children have the ability to assume responsibility to the speaker, asking questions about what they do not understand, listening and carrying out simple directions, and following seque nces of events in simple stories. As children set goals for themselves in intelligent listening, their progress will be accelerated. Listening is an important language arts element regarding the fact that children use it to conversate, discuss, story reading, poetry, assemblies, and galore(postnominal) many activities in Elementary school.Viewing could be defined as seeing, watching, or visually inspecting visual items. These could include pictures, books, maps, videos, and various others. Theatrical experiences could also be viewed, as well as classroom lectures. Children today are bombarded with images and visual media of all types to persuade them to believe certain things, or feel a certain way. Viewing is an important element in the Language Arts for Elementary students because it is there way to development academic skills, as well as well-disposed skills. Children are viewing every day in our schools diagrams, dvds and many other visual aids for learning development. Viewin g development entails giving attentionto facts, relationships, inferences, and to critical analysis.Visually representing refers to communicating through visual images. These images include photographs, drawings, graphs, maps, and diagrams, as well as video presentations, dioramas, models, and dramatizations. This form of communication requires the student to collect and organize information, decide on the best way to convey it to others, and produce a visual product to accomplish this communication, often incorporating print and sound with the visual images, if the student is trying to convey information or sway opinion. It requires organizing and representing an event or sequence of events for the pleasure or diversion of an audience, if the purpose of the representation is to entertain.

The Meaning Of Ethics In Criminal Justice Philosophy Essay

The Meaning Of Ethics In Criminal Justice Philosophy EssayThis newsprint attempts to assist in giving a clear view of what ethical motive can be and how they ar apply to the distressing referee field. I a lot hear discussions ab proscribed, what is to make a moral judgment, or argue about an estimable issue, or to come through according to good standards? Ethics can be a controversial subject because of the relevance of it in our daily life and the application of such in our traffics. What are our personal responsibilities and why should we b opposite acting in accordance with moral principals? Therefore, in order to value ethics and morality we must understand the concept. Often, the belief in human superiority is a very fundamental one, and it underlies our belief in many a(prenominal) sensitive areas. Ethic is not something logical only in the context of religion and sometimes should swear out ethics as entirely independent of religion. Some theist say that ethics can not do without religion because the very meaning of good is nothing other than what God approves. Plato refuted a similar claim more than two thousand years ago by arguing that if gods approve of some actions it must be because those actions are good, in which case it cannot be gods approval that makes them good. (Peter Singer, 1993 p.3)The Meaning of EthicsWhen applying ethics in the criminal justice field, we (the general public) expect every criminal justice professional to be faithful to the ethical standards and to apply justice in a reasonable manner. Therefore, forcing the criminal justice professionals to live and work in an environment in which moral ambiguity is the norm. However, the question remains, what are ethics and moral standards?Ethic is the study of what should be done. The terms ethics and morality are often used interchangeably. The word ethics comes from the Greek ethickos- meaning an ethos, habits, pattern of behavior or prevailing attitude. The word morality is derived from the Latin morales- meaning custom, conventions or social norms. Unfortunately, these derivations are a little misleading, because ethics and morality have come to mean much more than a description of behavior, custom or current practice. (Ian Kerridge, Michael Lowe, John McPhee, 2005 p.1)The field of ethics can be broken down into various sub-classes. One major division is into meta-ethics, normative ethics and functional ethics. Metha-ethic is concerned with moral claims and the meaning of terms such as right, good, virtue and justice. One of the goals of meta-ethics is to examine the general characteristics of an ethical system. Normative ethics attempt to snap off moral frameworks (principles, rules, theories, and guidelines) to guide our actions and evaluate our behavior. Practical ethics refers to the implication arising from ethics in the specific contexts. For example, Bioethics may be understood as one eccentric person of practical ethics, as it refers to ethics applied to anything in the biological sciences. (Ian Kerridge, Michael Lowe, John McPhee, 2005 p.1)Ethical standards are expressions of consensual moral attitudes and conventions developed in particular religious/spiritual, social, and cultural context. Ethical issues are becoming increasingly important in a earthly concern characterized by divisions-political, economic, religious, ethnic, gender and cultural. As a result of such division and, thus, the multiplicity of sociocultural influences on decision makers, it is no longer always obvious what is good or right behavior in many public and private situations. (D raseish Dowson, 2010 p. 87).In the criminal justice field, as well as other professions, the nature of professional ethics are an expression that a multitutude of possible meaning, and it is frequently used to signify rules governing professional and profession. The standards of conduct for professions are organized around the way in which a profession carries o ut its work. Setting ethical standards is one way in which professions seek to persuade the public to entrust their affairs and confidence to members of the profession. (Banks, 2009 p.129)For example, ethics are defing qualities of the police profession as it consist of the behaviour and attitude of police officers while acting under the right. (Bowen, 2010). Furthermore, criminal justice practitioners must follow the common principles of natural law which is the sanction that regulates behaviour of people on the basis of universal traits and common experiences. This includes treating people with dignity, governing with reason, not challenging equality of the people, governing people with ethical behaviours that lead to societal contentment, mainting peace in accordance with the goals of justice, and depending on natural law, when formal rules are unavialble. Therefore, it is important to know and remember that in the criminal justice field ethics are meant to complement and reinfo rce the law, not to undermine it. Laws are ever changing, whereas ethics are constant. Law are logical, reactive operator of social control, whereas ethics are regulatory and based on reasoning. (Robin T. Bowen, 2010 p.24)One problematic aspect of ethics (and accountability) is the assumption of peoples responsibility for their actions. In order to hear a persons behavior as morally right or wrong, there is usually an assumption that their actions are freely chosen. The idea of free will, therefore, central to ethical reasoning and judgment however, we really do not know what free will is. (Tim Prenzler, 2009 p.3). Many ethical codes draw foundational principles and frameworks from moral philosophy. The teaching of ethical standards should direct a range of normative theories as a basis for comprehensive decision making, and pay full attention to the role of critical reasoning in ethical argument. (Devenish Dowson, 2010 p.87).In conclusion, whether, in the criminal justice field , personal lives or any other any profession ethical and moral standards are an substantial part of our daily living. Ethics can be misunderstood, and some people think that morality and ethical standards are now out of date. Some even view morality as a system of vicious puritanical prohibition.As far as making a correlation between religion, ethics and morality, religion serves to regulate, codify, and to direct moral understanding. Human beings have unanimously turned to religion as the vital source for moral regulation and action. Much of the world does not believe that morality is invented or sustained by human will and consciousness alone, but that morality is contingent upon divine principles. Sr. doubting Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274), considered one of the greatest medieval theologians, adopted the philosophy that ethics are necessary for the common good of all, not just those in advocate or the elite. Ethics must reflect natural law, which is bestowed on humanity by God (Ma dison, 2005 p.85-86). Nevertheles, ethics are comparative to the society one happens to live in, so the consequences of actions should vary according to the circumstances.

The Brown Wasps Essay -- essays research papers

The Brown WaspsIn Loren Eiseleys Essay The Brown Wasps, Eiseley shows that humans and animals act in similar ways. He says that humans and animals split to the things they know very strongly. Sometimes they even act as if nothing even changed. Humans and animals tend to want to return to things that they are familiar to as they grow older. Loren Eiseley shows how humans and animals try to cling or recreate an important or favorite place. This essay is about memory, home, places in time. Loren Eiseley does a great line of merchandise describing the place that he is talking about to make the reader visualize and make them feel like they are there. Some examples are the old workforce, the brownish wasps, the mice, the pigeons, the blind man, and even himself. He recalls his childhood in Nebraska and how the train stations used to be and how the pigeons would fly around waiting for people embarkation the trains to feed them. Loren Eiseley once planted a tree with his father, when h e was a boy and he acts like it has been there the whole time. Years later he returned to the house where they had planted the tree and realized that the tree he had been imaging all his life was gone.In the beginning Eiseley describes the appearance of the train station and tells of the men that sleep on the benches. The lonely old men come into the train station for shelter and to get some rest. Whether they sleep for an hour or fairish take up space on the benches, t...

The Pecan Tree Report Essay -- Farming

The Pecan tree is a native tree to North America. When early European settlers traveled across the sea to settle in the New World, they found pecan trees located in numerous places in this new land. Since then, the pecan tree has become ace of the most important orchard species in terms of acreage. Indians began using pecans almost 8000 years ago in what is now Texas. The first budded pecan trees were produced in lah in the mid-1800s and orchards have been established throughout the Southern states. The first recorded shipment of pecans to England was documented in 1761, by Spanish and European explorers (Anderson and Crocker, 2004). In 1917, a commercial shipment of pecans came out of Georgia and since then, Georgia has been the leading producer of pecans. Although Georgia is the leading producer, in some years collections of pecans from wild trees in okeh and Texas surpass the production in Georgia. The life cycle of a pecan tree has four main components germination, rooting, sprouting and lifespan and reproduction. The many disparate elements of the pecan tree life cycle contribute to the growth and development of the pecan trees we see today. The life cycle of a pecan tree has many different elements. The cycle begins with the spreading and germination of seeds. Mature pecan trees produce and drop thousands of seeds to the ground during the fall season. Dispersal of these seeds may be through the water, wind or animals but wind will end up pollinating the seeds. Pecan tree seeds lay dormant throughout the winter and will begin the growth butt in the spring. The seeds require an adequate amount of warmth and rain throughout the winter and early spring months. Once the germination process has finished, the seed... ...l, Ted E., and Bruce W. Wood. Movement of crowing pecan weevils Curculio caryae within pecan orchards. Agricultural & Forest Entomology 10, no. 4 (November 2008) 363-373. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 18, 2012).Ande rson, P.C., and T.E. Crocker. The Pecan Tree. Solutions for Your Life University of Florida IFAS Extension (2004). Web. 18 Apr. 2012.Christman, Steve. Floridata genus Carya Illinoinensis. FLORIDATA. Floridata.com LC, 30 Aug. 2000. Web. 18 Apr. 2012. http//www.floridata.com/ref/c/cary_ill.cfm.Wells, Lenny. Nutritional, Environmental, and Cultural Disorders of Pecan. The University of Georgia Cooperative Extension (2010) 1-12. Web. 19 Apr. 2012.Ree, Bill. Pecan Insect Pests. Pecan Kernel. Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. http//pecankernel.tamu.edu/pecan_insects/pests/index.html.